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   9  <H1>GNU General Public License</H1>
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  32  <P>
  33  <UL>
  34    <LI><A HREF="/licenses/gpl-violation.html"><EM>What to do if you see a
  35         possible GPL violation</EM></A>
  36    <LI><A HREF="/licenses/translations.html"><EM>Translations
  37         of the GPL</EM></A>
  38    <LI><A HREF="/licenses/gpl-faq.html"><EM>GPL Frequently Asked Questions</EM></A>
  39    <LI>The GNU General Public License (GPL)
  40         <A HREF="/licenses/gpl.txt">in plain text format</A>
  41    <LI>The GNU General Public License (GPL)
  42         <A HREF="/licenses/gpl.texi">in Texinfo format</A>
  43  </UL>
  44  <P>       
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  46  
  47  <P>
  48  
  49  <H2>Table of Contents</H2>
  50  <UL>
  51  
  52    <LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="gpl.html#SEC1">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A>
  53  <UL>
  54  <LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="gpl.html#SEC2">Preamble</A>
  55  <LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="gpl.html#SEC3">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</A>
  56  <LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="gpl.html#SEC4">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</A>
  57  
  58  </UL>
  59  </UL>
  60  
  61  <P>
  62  
  63  <HR>
  64  
  65  <P>
  66  
  67  
  68  
  69  <H2><A NAME="SEC1" HREF="gpl.html#TOC1">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></H2>
  70  <P>
  71  Version 2, June 1991
  72  
  73  </P>
  74  
  75  <PRE>
  76  Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  
  77  59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
  78  
  79  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  80  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  81  </PRE>
  82  
  83  
  84  
  85  <H2><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="gpl.html#TOC2">Preamble</A></H2>
  86  
  87  <P>
  88    The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
  89  freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
  90  License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
  91  software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
  92  General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
  93  Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
  94  using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
  95  the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
  96  your programs, too.
  97  
  98  </P>
  99  <P>
 100    When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
 101  price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
 102  have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
 103  this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
 104  if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
 105  in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
 106  
 107  </P>
 108  <P>
 109    To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
 110  anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
 111  These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
 112  distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
 113  
 114  </P>
 115  <P>
 116    For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
 117  gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
 118  you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
 119  source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
 120  rights.
 121  
 122  </P>
 123  <P>
 124    We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
 125  (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
 126  distribute and/or modify the software.
 127  
 128  </P>
 129  <P>
 130    Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
 131  that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
 132  software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
 133  want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
 134  that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
 135  authors' reputations.
 136  
 137  </P>
 138  <P>
 139    Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
 140  patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
 141  program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
 142  program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
 143  patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
 144  
 145  </P>
 146  <P>
 147    The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
 148  modification follow.
 149  
 150  </P>
 151  
 152  
 153  <H2><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="gpl.html#TOC3">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</A></H2>
 154  
 155  
 156  <P>
 157  
 158  <STRONG>0.</STRONG>
 159   This License applies to any program or other work which contains
 160  a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
 161  under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
 162  refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
 163  means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
 164  that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
 165  either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
 166  language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
 167  the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".
 168  <P>
 169  
 170  Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
 171  covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
 172  running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
 173  is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
 174  Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
 175  Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
 176  
 177  <P>
 178  
 179  <STRONG>1.</STRONG>
 180   You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
 181  source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
 182  conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
 183  copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
 184  notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
 185  and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
 186  along with the Program.
 187  <P>
 188  
 189  You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
 190  you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
 191  <P>
 192  
 193  <STRONG>2.</STRONG>
 194   You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
 195  of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
 196  distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
 197  above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
 198  <P>
 199  
 200  <UL>
 201  
 202  <LI><STRONG>a)</STRONG>
 203       You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
 204       stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
 205  
 206  <P>
 207  <LI><STRONG>b)</STRONG>
 208       You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
 209       whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
 210       part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
 211       parties under the terms of this License.
 212  
 213  <P>
 214  <LI><STRONG>c)</STRONG>
 215       If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
 216       when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
 217       interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
 218       announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
 219       notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
 220       a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
 221       these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
 222       License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
 223       does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
 224       the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
 225  </UL>
 226  
 227  These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
 228  identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
 229  and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
 230  themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
 231  sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
 232  distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
 233  on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
 234  this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
 235  entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
 236  <P>
 237  
 238  Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
 239  your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
 240  exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
 241  collective works based on the Program.
 242  <P>
 243  
 244  In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
 245  with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
 246  a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
 247  the scope of this License.
 248  
 249  <P>
 250  
 251  <STRONG>3.</STRONG>
 252   You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
 253  under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
 254  Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
 255  
 256  
 257  <!-- we use this doubled UL to get the sub-sections indented, -->
 258  <!-- while making the bullets as unobvious as possible. -->
 259  <UL>
 260  
 261  <LI><STRONG>a)</STRONG>
 262       Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
 263       source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
 264       1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
 265  
 266  <P>
 267  <LI><STRONG>b)</STRONG>
 268       Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
 269       years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
 270       cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
 271       machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
 272       distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
 273       customarily used for software interchange; or,
 274  
 275  <P>
 276  <LI><STRONG>c)</STRONG>
 277       Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
 278       to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
 279       allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
 280       received the program in object code or executable form with such
 281       an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
 282  </UL>
 283  
 284  The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
 285  making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
 286  code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
 287  associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
 288  control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
 289  special exception, the source code distributed need not include
 290  anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
 291  form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
 292  operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
 293  itself accompanies the executable.
 294  <P>
 295  
 296  If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
 297  access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
 298  access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
 299  distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
 300  compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
 301  <P>
 302  
 303  <STRONG>4.</STRONG>
 304   You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
 305  except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
 306  otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
 307  void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
 308  However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
 309  this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
 310  parties remain in full compliance.
 311  
 312  <P>
 313  
 314  <STRONG>5.</STRONG>
 315   You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
 316  signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
 317  distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
 318  prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
 319  modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
 320  Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
 321  all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
 322  the Program or works based on it.
 323  
 324  <P>
 325  
 326  <STRONG>6.</STRONG>
 327   Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
 328  Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
 329  original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
 330  these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
 331  restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
 332  You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
 333  this License.
 334  
 335  <P>
 336  
 337  <STRONG>7.</STRONG>
 338   If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
 339  infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
 340  conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
 341  otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
 342  excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
 343  distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
 344  License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
 345  may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
 346  license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
 347  all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
 348  the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
 349  refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
 350  <P>
 351  
 352  If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
 353  any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
 354  apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
 355  circumstances.
 356  <P>
 357  
 358  It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
 359  patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
 360  such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
 361  integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
 362  implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
 363  generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
 364  through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
 365  system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
 366  to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
 367  impose that choice.
 368  <P>
 369  
 370  This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
 371  be a consequence of the rest of this License.
 372  
 373  <P>
 374  
 375  <STRONG>8.</STRONG>
 376   If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
 377  certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
 378  original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
 379  may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
 380  those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
 381  countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
 382  the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
 383  
 384  <P>
 385  
 386  <STRONG>9.</STRONG>
 387   The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
 388  of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
 389  be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
 390  address new problems or concerns.
 391  <P>
 392  
 393  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
 394  specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
 395  later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
 396  either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
 397  Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
 398  this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
 399  Foundation.
 400  
 401  <P>
 402  
 403  
 404  <STRONG>10.</STRONG>
 405   If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
 406  programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
 407  to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
 408  Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
 409  make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
 410  of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
 411  of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
 412  
 413  
 414  
 415  <P><STRONG>NO WARRANTY</STRONG></P>
 416  
 417  <P>
 418  
 419  <STRONG>11.</STRONG>
 420   BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
 421  FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
 422  OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
 423  PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
 424  OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 425  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
 426  TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
 427  PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
 428  REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
 429  
 430  <P>
 431  
 432  <STRONG>12.</STRONG>
 433   IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
 434  WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
 435  REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
 436  INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
 437  OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
 438  TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
 439  YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
 440  PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
 441  POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
 442  
 443  <P>
 444  
 445  
 446  <H2>END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS</H2>
 447  
 448  
 449  
 450  <H2><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="gpl.html#TOC4">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</A></H2>
 451  
 452  <P>
 453    If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
 454  possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
 455  free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
 456  
 457  </P>
 458  <P>
 459    To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
 460  to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
 461  convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
 462  the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
 463  
 464  </P>
 465  
 466  <PRE>
 467  <VAR>one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.</VAR>
 468  Copyright (C) <VAR>yyyy</VAR>  <VAR>name of author</VAR>
 469  
 470  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 471  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 472  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
 473  of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 474  
 475  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 476  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 477  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 478  GNU General Public License for more details.
 479  
 480  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 481  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 482  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.
 483  </PRE>
 484  
 485  <P>
 486  Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 487  
 488  </P>
 489  <P>
 490  If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
 491  when it starts in an interactive mode:
 492  
 493  </P>
 494  
 495  <PRE>
 496  Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) <VAR>year</VAR> <VAR>name of author</VAR>
 497  Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
 498  type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
 499  to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' 
 500  for details.
 501  </PRE>
 502  
 503  <P>
 504  The hypothetical commands <SAMP>`show w'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`show c'</SAMP> should show
 505  the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
 506  commands you use may be called something other than <SAMP>`show w'</SAMP> and
 507  <SAMP>`show c'</SAMP>; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever
 508  suits your program.
 509  
 510  </P>
 511  <P>
 512  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
 513  school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
 514  necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
 515  
 516  </P>
 517  
 518  <PRE>
 519  Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
 520  interest in the program `Gnomovision'
 521  (which makes passes at compilers) written 
 522  by James Hacker.
 523  
 524  <VAR>signature of Ty Coon</VAR>, 1 April 1989
 525  Ty Coon, President of Vice
 526  </PRE>
 527  
 528  <P>
 529  This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
 530  proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
 531  consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
 532  library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
 533  Public License instead of this License.
 534  
 535  <HR>
 536  
 537  Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
 538  <P>
 539  FSF &amp; GNU inquiries &amp; questions to
 540  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.
 541  Other <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</A> the FSF.
 542  <P>
 543  Comments on these web pages to
 544  <A HREF="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@www.gnu.org</EM></A>,
 545  send other questions to
 546  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.
 547  <P>
 548  Copyright notice above.<BR>
 549  Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 550  59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111,  USA
 551  <P>
 552  Updated:
 553  <!-- hhmts start -->
 554  Last modified: Sun Jul 15 13:13:30 CEST 2001
 555  <!-- hhmts end -->
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